- 散列表 HashMap
散列表 HashMap
vector 通过整型索引来存储值,而 HashMap (散列表)通过键(key)来存储值。HashMap 的键可以是布尔型、整型、字符串,或任意实现了 Eq 和 Hash trait 的其他类型。在下一节将进一步介绍。
和 vector 类似,HashMap 也是可增长的,但 HashMap 在空间多余时能够缩小自身(原文:HashMaps can also shrink themselves when they have excess space. )。创建 HashMap,可以使用适当的初始化容器(starting capacity) HashMap::with_capacity(unit),或者使用 HashMap::new() 来获得一个带有默认初始容器的 HashMap(推荐方式)。
use std::collections::HashMap;fn call(number: &str) -> &str {match number {"798-1364" => "We're sorry, the call cannot be completed as dialed.Please hang up and try again.","645-7689" => "Hello, this is Mr. Awesome's Pizza. My name is Fred.What can I get for you today?",_ => "Hi! Who is this again?"}}fn main() {let mut contacts = HashMap::new();contacts.insert("Daniel", "798-1364");contacts.insert("Ashley", "645-7689");contacts.insert("Katie", "435-8291");contacts.insert("Robert", "956-1745");// 接受一个引用并返回 Option<&V>match contacts.get(&"Daniel") {Some(&number) => println!("Calling Daniel: {}", call(number)),_ => println!("Don't have Daniel's number."),}// 如果被插入的值为新内容,那么 `HashMap::insert()` 返回 `None`,// 否则返回 `Some(value)`contacts.insert("Daniel", "164-6743");match contacts.get(&"Ashley") {Some(&number) => println!("Calling Ashley: {}", call(number)),_ => println!("Don't have Ashley's number."),}contacts.remove(&("Ashley"));// `HashMap::iter()` 返回一个迭代器,该迭代器获得// 任意顺序的 (&'a key, &'a value) 对。// (原文:`HashMap::iter()` returns an iterator that yields// (&'a key, &'a value) pairs in arbitrary order.)for (contact, &number) in contacts.iter() {println!("Calling {}: {}", contact, call(number));}}
了解更多关于映射(map)和散列映射(hash map)(通常也称作散列表,哈希表)的实现原理,可以查看 Wikipedia 的词条散列表。
